• Henderson CN
• Cramer GD
• Zhang Q
• DeVocht JW
• Sozio RS
• Fournier JT

• Biomedical Research / instrumentation
• Disease Models, Animal
• External Fixators
• Fixation, Vertebral
• Models, Animal
• Rats
• Subluxation

METHOD: Descriptive report of current ELM procedures, refinements to the spinous attachment units (SAUs), and tabulation of costs and failure rates drawn from recent studies.

RESULTS: In contrast to the older, 1-piece stainless steel SAUs, new 3-piece titanium SAUs may be reimplanted many times without failure. Consequently, the cost per ELM ranges from $579 to $69, depending on whether the SAUs, links, and screws must be purchased or are already available for implanting. The SAU implant procedure requires between 0.5 and 1.25 hours, depending on the experience of the surgeon. The total construct failure rate for the ELM is 24.2% (6.6% at surgery failure + 17.8% postsurgery failures). This rate is consistent with that reported in spine implant studies with other devices. To date, more than 500 male Sprague-Dawley rats (350-450 g) have been implanted with SAUs for ELM studies at the Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research and the National University of Health Sciences.

CONCLUSION: It has been our experience that individuals with basic animal research training will become proficient at producing the ELM after observing 3 to 4 implant procedures and performing 4 to 6 procedures on their own.

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