• Ballestero-Pérez R
• Plaza-Manzano G
• Urraca-Gesto A
• Romo-Romo F
• Atín-Arratibel ML
• Pecos-Martín D
• Gallego-Izquierdo T
• Romero-Franco N

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / therapy
• Exercise Therapy / methods
• Mobilization / methods
• Open Access Document
• Review Literature as Topic
• Stress, Mechanical

Objective: The objective of this study was to review the literature regarding the effectiveness of neural gliding exercises for the management of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Methods: A computer-based search was completed through May 2014 in PubMed, Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro), Web of Knowledge, Cochrane Plus, and CINAHL. The following key words were included: nerve tissue, gliding, exercises, carpal tunnel syndrome, neural mobilization, and neurodynamic mobilization. Thirteen clinical trials met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, which were: nerve gliding exercise management of participants aged 18 years or older; clinical or electrophysiological diagnostics of CTS; no prior surgical treatment; and absence of systemic diseases, degenerative joint diseases, musculoskeletal affectations in upper limbs or spine, or pregnancy. All studies were independently appraised using the PEDro scale.

Results: The majority of studies reported improvements in pain, pressure pain threshold, and function of CTS patients after nerve gliding, combined or not with additional therapies. When comparing nerve gliding with other therapies, 2 studies reported better results from standard care and 1 from use of a wrist splint, whereas 3 studies reported greater and earlier pain relief and function after nerve gliding in comparison with conservative techniques, such as ultrasound and wrist splint. However, 6 of the 13 studies had a quality of 5 of 11 or less according to the PEDro scale.

Conclusion: Limited evidence is available on the effectiveness of neural gliding. Standard conservative care seems to be the most appropriate option for pain relief, although neural gliding might be a complementary option to accelerate recovery of function. More high-quality research is still necessary to determine its effectiveness and the subgroups of patients who may respond better to this treatment.

Author keywords:carpal tunnel syndrome, nerve tissue, stress, mechanical, exercise therapy, movement

This abstract is reproduced with the permission of the publisher; click on the above link for free full text.

• Thoomes EJ

• Musculoskeletal Manipulations
• Open Access Document
• Radiculopathy
• Radiculopathy / therapy
• Review Literature as Topic

Manual therapy is often used for patients with neck pain with or without radicular symptoms. There is sparse evidence on the effectiveness in cervical radiculopathy. The aim of this study was to assess current levels of evidence on the effectiveness of manual therapy interventions for patients with cervical radiculopathy.

Electronic data bases were systematically searched for clinical guidelines, reviews and randomised clinical trials (RCTs) reporting on the effectiveness of manual therapy for patients with cervical radiculopathy. Eight relevant reviews, two guidelines and two recent RCTs, that had not yet been included in either, were retrieved. The overall quality of the evidence of included studies was evaluated using the GRADE method. Most interventions were only studied in one single RCT.

There is low level evidence that cervical manipulation and mobilisation as unimodal interventions are effective on pain and range of motion at the immediate follow up, but no evidence on the effectiveness of thoracic manipulation or mobilisation as unimodal interventions. There is low level evidence that a combination of spinal mobilisation and motor control exercises is more effective on pain and activity limitations than separate interventions or a wait-and-see policy. There is low level evidence of the effectiveness of cervical mobilisation with a neurodynamical intent as unimodal intervention, on the effectiveness of a multimodal intervention with neurodynamic intent on pain activity limitations and global perceived effect compared to a wait-and-see policy. There is also low level evidence that a multimodal intervention consisting of spinal and neurodynamic mobilisations and specific exercises is effective on pain in patients with CR. There is low level evidence that traction is no more effective than placebo traction.

This abstract is reproduced with the permission of the publisher; click on the above link for free full text.

• Bond BM

• Headache / therapy
• Headache Disorders
• Tension-Type Headache

Lecture 1 Outline:
Introduction and background information: Prevalence of headache disorders; Cost of headache disorders; Quality of life
Classification of headache disorders;  Primary; Secondary
Other painful cranial neuropathies, facial pains and headaches
Overview of manual therapy: Joint-biased; Soft-tissue-biased; Nerve biased
Therapeutic mechanisms of manual therapy: Joint-biased; Soft-tissue-biased

Scientific evidence for the clinical application of manual therapy: Clinical trials; Cervicogenic headache; Tension-type headache; Systematic reviews
Evidence-based practice recommendations: Migraine headache; Cervicogenic headache; Tension-type headache

Dry needling: Definition; Categories; Localized twitch response; Therapeutic mechanisms; Evidence
Clinical prediction rules for manual therapy: Definition; Examples for manual therapy; Cervical manipulation for neck pain; Thoracic manipulation for neck pain

This audio lecture is vailable by subscription only.

• Porr J
• Chrobak K
• Muir B

• Adult
• Knee Joint / innervation
• Pain Measurement
• Peripheral Nerve Injuries / therapy

• Villafañe JH
• Pillastrini P
• Borboni A

• Adult
• Male
• Manipulation, Extremities
• Manipulation, Spinal
• Peroneal Neuropathies
• Sciatic Nerve

Objective: The purpose of this case report is to describe a therapeutic intervention for peroneal nerve paralysis involving the sciatic nerve.

Clinical features: A 24-year-old man presented with peroneal nerve paralysis with decreased sensation, severe pain in the popliteal fossa, and steppage gait, which occurred 3 days prior to the consultation. Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography confirmed lumbar disk herniation with sciatic common peroneal nerve entrapment in the popliteal fossa.

Intervention and outcome: A combined treatment protocol of spinal and fibular head manipulation and neurodynamic mobilization including soft tissue work of the psoas and hamstring muscles was performed. Outcome measures were assessed at pretreatment, 1 week posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up and included numeric pain rating scale, range of motion, pressure pain threshold, and manual muscle testing. Treatment interventions were applied for 3 sessions over a period of 1 week. Results showed reduction of the patient’s subjective pain and considerable improvement in range of motion, strength, and sensation in his left foot, which was restored to full function.

Conclusion: A combined program of spinal and fibular head manipulation and neurodynamic mobilization reduced pain, increased range of motion and strength, and restored full function to the left leg in this patient who had severe functional impairment related to a compressed left common peroneal nerve.

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• Villafañe JH

• Aged, 80 and over
• Botulinum Toxins, Type A
• Lower Extremity
• Male
• Muscle Spasticity
• Physical Therapy Modalities

Objective: This case report describes a patient with severe lower limb spasticity treated with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) and neurodynamic mobilization (NM).

Clinical Features: An 81-year-old male patient presented with a severe spastic lower limbs after total right hip replacement and severe alcoholic polyneuropathy. After the right hip replacement, he presented with generalized spasticity, crouched posture, and a large sacral pressure sore. The severe spasticity in his knees prevented walking.

Intervention and Outcome: The patient underwent combined treatment with BoNT-A and NM of the lower limb in 4 weekly applications. Evaluations were performed pretreatment, 4 weeks after the injection, and at a follow-up session 9 months after finishing treatment. We measured the following outcomes: pain by the Numerical Rating Scale, spasticity by the Modified Ashworth Scale for Grading Spasticity, acceptance and emotional reaction to the treatment by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and functionality by ranges of motion. We found that the patient improved in all of the outcomes after treatment, and these results were maintained during the follow-up. After treatment, the patient was able to improve wound healing by properly positioning himself in bed or on his wheelchair and walking with help. At the follow-up evaluation, the results were maintained. The patient showed good acceptance and decreased anxiety/depression after treatment.

Conclusion: For this patient, the combination of NM and BoNT-A treatment decreased pain and spasticity and improved joint ranges of motion.

This abstract is reproduced with the permission of the publisher; click on the above link for free full text.

• Villafañe JH
• Silva GB
• Chiarotto A
• Ragusa OLF

• Aged
• Botulinum Toxins, Type A
• Male
• Muscle Spasticity
• Physical Therapy Modalities
• Stroke

Objective: The purpose of this study is to report a case in which combinatory therapy of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) and neurodynamic mobilization (NM) was used as treatment for a patient with severe upper limb spasticity and pain after stroke.

Clinical Features: A 76-year-old male patient had spastic muscles in the upper limb 10 months after an ischemic stroke.

Intervention and Outcome: The patient underwent combined treatment with BoNT-A and NM of the upper limb in 6 monthly applications. Evaluation was performed pretreatment, 3 months after the first injection, 3 months after the second injection, and at a follow-up session 9 months after starting the treatment. The following outcomes were measured: pain by using a numeric rating scale, spasticity by the Modified Ashworth Scale for Grading Spasticity, acceptance and emotional reaction to the treatment by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and functionality by ranges of motion. The patient improved in all outcomes after treatment, and results were maintained during the follow-up sessions.

Conclusion: The combined NM and BoNT-A treatment appeared to decrease pain and improve joint ranges of motion during treatment for this patient. The patient showed decreased anxiety and depression during and after the treatment.

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• De-la-Llave-Rincón AI
• Ortega-Santiago R
• Ambite-Quesada S
• Gil-Crujera A
• Puentedura EJ
• Valenza MC
• Fernández-de-las-Peñas C

• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome / therapy
• Mobilization
• Musculoskeletal Manipulations / methods
• Pain Threshold
• Pressure
• Therapy, Soft Tissue

Objective: The purpose of this prospective case series was to examine the combined effects of soft tissue mobilization and nerve slider neurodynamic technique on pain and pressure sensitivity in women with chronic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).

Methods: Eighteen women with a clinical and electromyographic diagnosis of CTS participated. Patients completed the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS) for current, worst, and lowest pain intensity and underwent pain pressure threshold (PPT) testing over the median, radial, and ulnar nerves; the C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint; the carpal tunnel; and the tibialis anterior muscle. Pain was assessed at baseline and 1-week follow-up, whereas PPT were assessed at baseline and immediately after and 1-week after intervention. Each received soft tissue mobilization and nerve slider neurodynamic technique directed at different anatomical sites of potential entrapment of the median nerve.

Results: A decrease in the mean current intensity and worst level of hand pain (P < .01) was found 1 week after the treatment session (mean changes, 2.2 ± 1.1 points). A treatment effect for PPT levels over the C5-C6 zygapophyseal joint (P < .001) was found: PPT increased bilaterally 1 week after the intervention. No other significant changes in PPT levels were found (P > .195).

Conclusions: The application of soft tissue mobilization and neurodynamic technique decreased the intensity of pain but did not change pressure pain sensitivity in this group of women with chronic CTS.

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• Johnson IP

• Hypogastric Plexus
• Pelvic Floor / anatomy and histology

Background: Hypotheses on somatovisceral dysfunction often assume interference by stretch or compression of the nerve supply to visceral structures. The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of pelvic visceral movement to create tension of the loose connective tissue that contains the fine branches of the inferior hypogastric nerve plexus.

Methods: Twenty eight embalmed human cadavers were examined. Pelvic visceral structures were displaced by 5 N unidirectional tension and the associated movement of the endopelvic fascia containing the inferior hypogastric plexus that this caused was measured.

Results: Most movement of the fascia containing the inferior hypogastric plexus was obtained by pulling the rectosigmoid junction or broad ligament of the uterus. The plexus did not cross any vertebral joints and the fascia containing it did not move on pulling the hypogastric nerve.

Conclusions: Uterine and rectosigmoid displacement produce most movement of the fascia containing the hypogastric nerve plexus, potentially resulting in nerve tension. In the living this might occur as a consequence of menstruation, pregnancy or constipation. This may be relevant to somatovisceral reflex theories of the effects of manual therapy on visceral conditions.

This abstract is reproduced with the permission of the publisher. Click on the above link for free full text.

• Multiple Authors

• Association of Chiropractic Colleges / congresses
• Open Access Document

Click on the above link for the full text of the platform presentation abstracts. View the table of contents.

CONTENTS:
83 Use of Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Pediatric Health Conditions: A Systematic Review of the Literature [by] Jenna Arts, Amanda Mei, Emily McManus, and Brian Gleberzon
83 Cervicogenic Headache Etiology: Cadaveric Study of the Connection Between Suboccipital Structures and the Cervical Dura Mater [by] Erton Averion and Mohsen Radpasand
84 Student Interns’ Feedback on Use of the SNAPPS Model to Promote Active Learning [by] Victor Benavides and Amy Wright
84 Use of YouTube Tutorials as an Educational Tool: Student Perceptions, Effectiveness, and Greater Implications [by] Lisa Bloom
84 Sonography of the Normal Anterior Talofibular Ligament [by] Eve Bonic, Daniel Haun, John Cho, Thomas Clark, and Norman Kettner
85 Is Trunk Motor Control Impaired by Acute Back Muscle Fatigue and Recovery? [by] Jean-Alexandre Boucher, Jacques Abboud, Emmanuelle Dion, and Martin Descarreaux
85 Alterations of the Dyspeptic Signs and Symptoms of Patients With Gastritis Following Chiropractic Treatment: A Small Randomized Controlled Study [by] Janaina Butafava, Fabio Dal Bello, and Charles Blum
85 Identifying and Overcoming Barriers to General Medical Practitioner Referral to Chiropractors [by] Katherine Butler, Christina Cunliffe, and Adrian Hunnisett
86 Chiropractic Dosage for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [by] Jerrilyn Cambron, Grant Iannelli, Jennifer Dexheimer, Mabel Chang, Michael Schneider, James Jedlicka, and Gregory Cramer
86 Health Assistance to Elderly Patients From Different Ethnic Groups That Seek Chiropractic Care [by] Marta Casagrande Saraiva and Thiana Paula Schmidt dos Santos
86 Concurrent Validity in Range of Motion Measurement of Seated Versus Supine Active Cervical Rotation [by] Tammi Clark, Theresa Whitney, and Robert Cooperstein
87 Use of a Web-Based Curriculum Software Package in Evaluaton of a Chiropractic College Curriculum [by] Jesse Coats, Kenneth Sorrels, John Mrozek, and Shari Wynd
87 Novel Electromyogram Protocols for Assessment of Neck Pain: A Pilot Study [by] James DeVocht, Kalyani Gudavalli, Ting Xia, and Ram Gudavalli
87 Nonuniform Compression of Sacral Cartilage During Angular Rotation [by] Dennis Enix and Douglas Smith
88 Intervertebral Disc-Derived Stem Cells: Implications for Regenerative Medicine and Neural Repair [by] William Mark Erwin, Diana Islam, Eftekhar Eftekarpour, Robert Inman, and Michael Fehlings
88 Developing the Next Generation of Clinical Research Scientists: Northwestern Health Sciences University’s Fellowship Program [by] Roni Evans, Linda Hanson, Brent Leininger, Corrie Vihstadt, and Gert Bronfort
88 A Comprehensive Faculty Development Program for Advancing Evidence-Informed Practice [by] Roni Evans, Mary Tuchscherer, Louise Delagran, Della Shupe, Barbara Gosse, Pat Cassello-Maddox, and Linda Hanson
89 Using Computer-Assisted Learning to Engage in a Variety of Learning Styles in Understanding Business Management Principles [by] Mary Frost, Dustin Derby, and Andrea Haan
89 Developing a Model Curriculum for Ethical Practice Building at Chiropractic Colleges: Opinions From an International Workshop [by] Brian Gleberzon, Stephen Perle, and Gilles Lamarche
89 An Interprofessional Education Model for Comanagement of Back Pain in Older Adults by Doctors of Chiropractic and Medical Doctors [by] Christine Goertz, Stacie Salsbury, Robert Vining, Cynthia Long, Andrew Andresen, Maria Hondras, Mark Jones, Lisa Killinger, and Kevin Lyons
90 Utilizing YouTube in a Chiropractic Technique Lab [by] Christopher Good and Saman Pezeshki
90 Benefits of Active Learning in a Chiropractic Program: Comparison of Student Scores Before and After Utilizing Active Learning Techniques in a Classroom Setting [by] Joseph Guagliardo and Kathryn Hoiriis
90 Effect of Sampling Rate on Capturing High-Velocity Low-Amplitude Spinal Manipulation Force-Time Characteristics [by] Maruti Ram Gudavalli, James DeVocht, Ting Xia, and Ali Tayh
91 Consensus Process to Develop a “Best Practices” Document on the Role of Chiropractic Care in Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Wellness [by] Cheryl Hawk, Michael Schneider, Marion Willard Evans, and Daniel Redwood
91 Testing Test-Driven Learning and Self-Assessment Learning [by] Xiaohua He and Anne Canty
92 Manual Palpations Attenuate Immunochemical Reactivities of Pain Mediators in the Nervous System in Response to Adjuvant Knee Arthritis: An Animal Model [by] Xiaohua He and Veronica Dishman
92 Effect of Chiropractic High-Velocity Low-Amplitude Manipulation on Vertical Jump Height in Young Female Athletes With Talocrural Joint Dysfunction [by] Sofia Hedlund, Markus Lenz, Hans Nilsson, Pernilla Thorman, and Tobias Sundberg
92 Effect of Audit and Feedback on Record-Keeping Compliance Within a Chiropractic Educational Clinic System [by] Nicole Homb, Shayan Sheybani, Dustin Derby, and Kurt Wood
93 Use of the Activator Adjusting Instrument in the Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Descriptive and Systematic Review of the Literature [by] Tiffany Huggins, Ana Luburic-Boras, Brian Gleberzon, Mara Popescu, and Lianna Bahry
93 Biomechanics of Degenerated Discs With Incomplete and Slack Annular Fibers Under Traction Loads [by] Mozammil Hussain
93 Flow-Mediated Dilatation: An Endothelial Vascular Biomarker [by] Martha Kaeser, Daniel Haun, and Norman Kettner
94 Correlation Between Predictors of Entering Grade Point Average, Class Scores, and Pretest Scores on National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Exam Part I Scores [by] Amilliah Kenya
94 Structural Neuroplasticity in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Evidence for Cerebral Cortical Thinning [by] Norman Kettner, Yumi Maeda, James Sheehan, Jieun Kim, Ang Li, Joe Audette and Vitaly Napadow
94 Retrospective Analysis of Cultural Competence of Chiropractic Students in a Public Health Course [by] Kim Khauv and Joel Alcantara
95 Attitudes, Beliefs, and Teaching of Cultural Diversity by Chiropractic Educators [by] Kim Khauv and Joel Alcantara
95 Developing Activity Modules for Spinal Health Promotion: A Global Collaborative Process [by] Ron Kirk
95 Development and Evaluation of the Health Professional Collaborative Competency Perception Scale ( HPCCPS) [by] Deborah Kopansky-Giles, Judith Peranson, Howard Vernon, and David Soave
96 Teaching an Interprofessional Approach to the Management of Musculoskeletal Problems in Primary Care: A Pilot Study. Part 1: Students [by] Deborah Kopansky-Giles, Judith Peranson, and Scott Reeves
96 Spinal Manipulation or Mobilization for Radiculopathy: A Systematic Review [by] Brent Leininger, Gert Bronfort, Roni Evans, and Todd Reiter
96 Self-Directed Algorithm Design: A Useful Tool in Learning the Differential Diagnosis Process [by] Makani Lew
97 X-Ray Utilization and Demographics in a Chiropractic College Outpatient Clinic [by] Makani Lew and Gregory Snow
97 Variations in the Implementation and Characteristics of Chiropractic Services in Veterans Affairs: A Pilot Study [by] Anthony Lisi, Brian Mittman, Monica Smith, and Raheleh Khorsan
97 Development of a Strategically Designed Patient Self-Administered Intake Questionnaire to Help Achieve Medicare Compliance [by] Albert Luce, Dale Rossi, and David Seaman
98 Attitudes Toward Chiropractic Care Among the Health Care Community in Ghana, Africa [by] Dana Madigan and Barbara Sullivan
98 Using Reserarch to Change the Culture of Chiropractic Education [by] Michele Maiers, Roni Evans, and Louise Delagran
98 Chiropractic and General Medical Practice: A Survey of Referral Patterns and Communication Between the Professions [by] Sarah McSwiney, Gabrielle Swait, Adrian Hunnisett, and Christina Cunliffe
99 Knowledge of Accurate Blood Pressure Measurement Procedures in Chiropractic Students [by] Angela Miller and James La Rose
99 Faculty Development Workshops: An Evaluation of Effectiveness [by] John Mrozek, Stephan Foster, Alan Adams, and Rahim Karim
100 Comparision of Findings of Active Straight Leg Raise Test in Patients With Lumbar Versus Sacroiliac Pain [by] Donald Murphy, Eric Hurwitz, and Brian Hart
100 Neck and Back Pain Specifi c Outcome Assessment Questionnaires in the Spanish Language: A Literature Review [by] Donald Murphy and Marco Lopez
100 Optimized Estimation of Contact Force Application During a Side-Lying Lumbar Manipulation [by] Casey Myers, Brian Enebo, Andrea Wanamaker, and Brad Davidson
101 Planning for Success: Developing a Business Curriculum for Chiropractic Students [by] Rita Natziger, Julie Johnson, Mary Frost, and Alexis VanderHorn
101 Chiropractic Educaiton: A Look at Educational Outcomes, Student Satisfaction, and Interest in Postdoctoral Training in a Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Chiropractic Clinic [by] Jason Napuli, Dave Chicoine, and Jennifer Smith
101 Pediatric Use of Herbal Supplements in the United States [by] Harrison Ndetan, Ronald Rupert, Patricia Brandon, and Maryann Osifo
102 Pediatric Use of Movement Therapy and Relaxation Technique for Health Problems and Conditions in the United States [by] Harrison Ndetan, Will Evans, Ronald Rupert, Patricia Brandon, and Roland Njumentoko
102 Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation for Pediatric Health Conditions in the United States [by] Harrison Ndetan, Patricia Brandon, Ronald Rupert, Rabina Acharya, and Kenneth Thomas
103 Demographic Factors and Neck Pain Among the Indigenous African Population in the Greater Durban Area [by] Prisca Zandile Ndlova, Charmaine Maria Korporaal, and Reed B. Phillips
103 Physician and Physician Assistant Attitudes and Referral Habits Concerning Chiropractic Care [by] Shawn Neff
103 Head Trauma in Returning Military Troops: A Review of the Literature [by] Shawn Neff
104 Qualitative Analysis of Comments Made by Chiropractors in Alberta, Canada, About Offi ce-Based Health Product Sales [by] Stacey Page, Jaroslaw Grod, and D. Gordon McMorland
104 Is There a Chilly Climate? A Mixed Method Study of the Educational Environment [by] Per J. Palmgren, Madawa Chandratilake, and Klara Bolander-Laksov
104 Mechanism of the Jendrassik Maneuver: Attention or Action? [by] Steven Passmore and Paul Bruno
105 Teaching an Interprofessional Approach to the Management of Musculoskeletal Conditions in Primary Care: A Pilot Study. Part 2: Educators [by] Judith Peranson, Deborah Kopansky-Giles, and Scott Reeves
105 Comparison of Activator Methods Chiropractic Technique Versus Diversifi ed Manipulation in Patients With Acute Low Back Pain [by] Mark Pfefer, Stephan Cooper, and Angela Boyazis
105 Chiropractic Management of Postconcussive Headache and Neck Pain in a Young Athlete and Implications for Return to Play [by] Mark Pfefer and Stephan Cooper
106 Knowledge and Attitudes in Assessment and Management of Chest Pain by Chiropractic Interns: A Pilot Survey [by] Mark Pfefer, Stephan Cooper, and Edward Smith
106 Kinematic and Kinetic Response to Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Preliminary Results [by] Jean-Philippe Pialasse, Martin Simoneau, and Martin Descarreaux
106 Pediatric Mentored Case Reports [by] Katherine A. Pohlman, Sharon A. Vallone, and Lia M. Nightingale
107 A Novel Technique for Measuring Changes in Vertebral Artery Blood Flow [by] Jairus Quesnele, Judith Wells, Greg Wells, John Triano, Michael Noseworthy, and Tammy Rayner
107 Consideration of Chronic Pain in Trials to Promote Physical Activity for Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials [by] John J. Riva, Jason W. Busse, Jessica J. Wong, David J. Brunarski, Alice H.Y. Chan, Rebecca A. Lobo, Marina Aptekman, and Anita Gupta
107 Introduction of a Class on Evidence-Based Clinical Practice in the First Trimester of a Chiropractic Curriculum: Lessons Learned From Student Evaluations [by] Robert M. Rowell and Lia M. Nightingale
108 Student Rating of the Importance of Advanced Pediatric Education in Chiropractic Institutions [by] Drew Rubin and Lisa Rubin
108 Collaborative Learning in a Chiropractic Classroom Setting [by] Lisa Rubin
108 Variability of Vertical Ground Reaction Forces in Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain, Before and After Chiropractic Care [by] Brent Russell, Mark Geil, Jianhua Wu, and Kathryn Hoiriis
109 Female Chiropractors in Ontario: Current Practice Profi les and Graduate Demographics [by] Shabnam Sadr, David Soave, Jean Moss, and Silvano Mior
109 Exploratory Analysis of Clinical Predictors of Outcomes of Nonsurgical Treatment in Patients With Lumbar Spinal Stenosis [by] Michael Schneider, Jerrilyn Cambron, Lauren Terhorst, Rachel Phillips, and Donald Murphy
109 Learning and Study Strategies Inventory Subtests and Factors as Predictors of National Board of Chiropractic Examiners Part I Exam Performance [by] Christine Schutz, Leanne Dalton, and Rodger Tepe
110 Effects of Curriculum Change and Extracurricular Acitivities on Students’ Choice of Chiropractic Technique [by] David Sikorski, Anupama Kizhakke Veettil, and Gene Tobias
110 Basic Science Physiology Laboratory Research Projects: A Curriculum Designed to Encourage an Active Interest in Research Among Chiropractic Students [by] Edward Smith and Mark Pfefer
110 Analysis of Reported Patient Visit Frequencies and Costs From the Patient Management Program Database in Ontario, Canada [by] David Soave and Silvano Mior
111 Development of a Student-Mentored Research Program Between a Complementary and Alternative Medicine University and a Traditional, Research-Intensive University [by] Barbara M. Sullivan, Sylvia E. Furner, and Gregory Cramer
111 Outcomes From a Faculty Development Program to Enhance Evidence-Based Practice, Research Utilization, and Knowledge Translation [by] Barbara M. Sullivan, Judith D. Pocius, Jerrilyn Cambron, Christopher Wolcott, Thomas Grieve, and Gregory Cramer
112 Testing Presumptions: A Pilot Study Assessing Palpatory Effi ciency Across Levels of Experience [by] Stephanie Sullivan, Anquonette Stiles, and Jessica Quintero-Villa
112 A Single Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effects of Spinal Manipulative Therapy on Fitts’ Law Performance in Participants With and Without Neck Pain [by] Rodger Tepe, Jonathan Emlet, Kevin Ward, and John Ellis
112 Are Expectations Related to Lumbar Pain Altering Neuromuscular Trunk Responses Associated With Experimental Pain? [by] Charles Tétreau, Jean-Daniel Dubois, Mathieu Piché, and Martin Descarreaux
113 Chiropractic Care by Interns for Athletes at a Colombian Biomedical Center: A Prospective Pilot Study [by] Kenneth Thomas, Harrison Ndetan, Ronald Rupert, Aleisha Esther Serrano-Alvira, Patricia Brandon,
and Roland Njumentoko
113 Does Neuroanatomy Software Enhance Learning of Spinal Cord Tracts in a Laboratory Setting? [by] Steven Torgerud and Stephen Duray
113 Developing an Introductory Workshop in Evidence-Based Clinical Practice for Chiropractic Field Practitioners [by] Michael Tunning, Robert Rowell, John Stites, Barbara Mansholt, Ron Boesch, Ian McLean,
and Michelle Barber
114 Method for Evaluating the Precision of Patient Positioning in Pre- and Post-Nasium X-Ray Film Pairs [by] David Vazquez and Dale Johnson
114 Reviewing the Literature and Creating an Evidence-Based Exam for the Pathoanatomic Diagnosis of Low Back Pain [by] Robert Vining, Eric Potocki, Michael Seidman, and A. Paige Morgenthal
114 Report of Harassment of a Female Intern by a Patient Within a Chiropractic Teaching Clinic: A Case Report [by] Amy Wright and Barry Wiese
115 Use of Whole Body Vibration as an Adjunct to Treatment of Nonspecifi c Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature [by] Shari Wynd, Jean-Alexandre Boucher, and Martin Descarreaux
115 Effects of Test Stress on Chiropractic Student Physical Examination Laboratory Testing: A Pilot Study [by] Niu Zhang and Kenneth Weber